ESC TEXTBOOK OF CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE

PART 1. Introduction to the cardiovascular systemSection 1. Cardiovascular history and physical examinationSection editor: Nicholas Boon1.1: Andrew Elder, Nicholas A. Boon, and Alan G. Japp: Approach to cardiovascular assessment1.2: Alan G. Japp, Iain Simpson, Stephen Pettit, Arthur Yue, and Junaid Zaman: Cardiovascular symptoms1.3: Stuart Pringle, Samantha Fitzsimmons, Ingibjorg Gudmundsdottir, and Joseph B. Esterson: Cardiovascular signsSection 2. Developmental biology of the heartSection editor: Miguel Torres2.1: Robert G. Kelly: Cardiac embryogenesis2.2: Miguel Torres: The molecular basis of cardiac embryogenesis2.3: Maurice J. B. van den Hoff and Antoon F. M. Moorman: From heart-forming region to ballooning chambers2.4: José M. Pérez-Pomares and José L. de la Pompa: Development of the ventricles and valves2.5: Jan Hendrik van Weerd and Vincent M. Christoffels: Development of the cardiac conduction system2.6: Thomas J. Cahill and Paul R. Riley: Epicardial and coronary vascular development2.7: Mark H. Soonpaa and Loren J. Field: Cardiomyocyte development from mid-gestation through preadolescenceSection 3. Functional anatomy of the heartSection editor: Siew Yen Ho3.1: Sabine Ernst and Siew Yen Ho: Introduction3.2: Ammar M. Killu and Samuel J. Asirvatham: Cardiac anatomy in the interventional era: an overview3.3: Taka-aki Matsuyama and Hatsue Ishibashi-Ueda: Normal conduction system, coronary arteries, and coronary veins3.4: Damian Sanchez-Quintana and José Angel Cabrera: Normal atrial and ventricular myocardial structures3.5: Philip J. Kilner and Sonya V. Babu-Narayan: The heart as a functional unit3.6: Philip J. Kilner and Sonya V. Babu-Narayan: Ventricular structure and function3.7: Luigi Badano and Denisa Muraru: Functional anatomy of atria3.8: Fahd Makhdom, Pascal Thériault-Lauzier, Siew Yen Ho, and Nicolo Piazza: Functional anatomy of left heart valves3.9: Christine Selton-Suty, Olivier Huttin, Clément Venner, and Yves Juillière: Functional anatomy of right heart valves3.10: Robert Manka and Sabrina Oebel: Functional anatomy of myocardial perfusionSection 4. Cardiovascular physiologySection editor: Guido Grassi4.1: Sándor J. Kovács: The heart as a pump: governing principles4.2: Marek Malik: Cardiac electrophysiology4.3: Christian Seiler: Cardiovascular physiology: regulation of coronary circulation4.4: Gino Seravalle and Guido Grassi: Regulation of blood pressure4.5: Markus P. Schlaich: Heart/kidney interactions4.6: Ross Arena, Dejana Popovic, Marco Guazzi, Amy McNeil, and Michael Sagner: Cardiovascular response to exercise4.7: Jens Barthelmes and Isabella Sudano: Cardiovascular response to mental stress4.8: Naima Covassin and Virend K. Somers: The cardiovascular system during sleep4.9: Magnus Bäck, Laure Joly, Nicolas Sadoul, and Athanase Benetos: The ageing heart4.10: Sebastian Ewen, Saarraaken Kulenthiran, and Felix Mahfoud: Alterations in cardiovascular physiology in pathological statesSection 5. Cardiovascular pharmacologySection editor: Faiez Zannad5.1: João Pedro Ferreira and Patrick Rossignol: Renin-angiotensin system and neprilysin5.2: Faiez Zannad and João Pedro Ferreira: Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists5.3: Atul Pathak: Autonomic nervous system drugs5.4: Stéphane Laurent: Pharmacology of vasodilators5.5: Mattia Arrigo and Alexandre Mebazaa: Positive inotropes5.6: Federico Guerra and Alessandro Capucci: Antiarrhythmics5.7: Tabassome Simon: Pharmacology of oral antiplatelet drugs5.8: Freek W. A. Verheugt: Fibrinolytic therapy5.9: Cesare R. Sirtori and Massimiliano Ruscica: Lipid-lowering drugs5.10: Pierre-Jean Saulnier and Samy Hadjadj: Oral diabetes treatments and cardiovascular disease5.11: Kevin Damman: Renal pharmacology for the cardiologist5.12: Keld P. Kjeldsen, Juan Tamargo, and Thomas Andersen Schmidt: Potassium binders5.13: Pauline Bosco-Levy, Julien Bezin, Francesco Salvo, and Nicholas Moore: Cardiovascular effects of non-cardiovascular drugs5.14: Jeffrey K. Aronson: Drug-drug interactions5.15: Jonathan Michel and Robert A. Byrne: Local drugs in interventional cardiology pharmacologySection 6. AnticoagulationSection editor: Raffaele DeCaterina6.1: Pier Mannuccio Mannucci: An overview of haemostasis, in relation to atherothrombotic, thromboembolic, and venous cardiovascular disease6.2: Fedor Bachmann: Current targets of anticoagulants6.3: Renate Schnabel, Dipak Kotecha, and Paulus Kirchhof: Epidemiology of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in heart disease6.4: Freek W. A. Verheugt: Unfractionated heparin6.5: Paul Guedeney, Mathieu Kerneis, Johanne Silvain, Gilles Montalescot, and Jean-Philippe Collet: Low-molecular-weight heparin6.6: Michiel Coppens: Fondaparinux and its derivatives6.7: Davide Capodanno: Bivalirudin and argatroban6.8: Marcel Levi: Reversal of parenteral anticoagulants6.9: Jørgen Jespersen and Jane Skov: Vitamin K antagonists6.10: Thomas Vanassche and Peter Verhamme: The NOACs: pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics6.11: Jeffrey Weitz: The NOACs: clinical pharmacology6.12: Felicita Andreotti, Eliano Pio Navarese, and Filippo Crea: The NOACs in special situations: the elderly, renal impairment, combination with antiplatelet agents and thrombolytics6.13: Joanne van Ryn: Reversal of oral anticoagulants6.14: Christina Reith and Colin Baigent: Epidemiological data on the use of traditional anticoagulants in cardiovascular diseaseSection 7. Epidemiology and global burdenSection editor: Sumeet Chugh7.1: Sumeet S. Chugh: Strategies for assessment of global disease burden7.2: George A. Mensah: Epidemiology and global burden of hypertension7.3: Andrew E. Moran: Epidemiology and global burden of ischaemic heart disease7.4: James D. Wilkinson, Ashwin Kumar, Joslyn A. Westphal, Jason D. Czachor, Hiedy Razoky, and Steven E. Lipshultz: Epidemiology and global burden of cardiomyopathy7.5: Aapo L. Aro and Sumeet S. Chugh: Epidemiology and global burden of arrhythmias7.6: Dianne Sika-Paotonu, Andrea Beaton , and Jonathan Carapetis: Epidemiology and global burden of rheumatic heart disease7.7: Siva Ketha and Leslie T. Cooper: Epidemiology and global burden of myocarditis and pericarditis7.8: Imad M. Tleyjeh and Aref A. Bin Abdulhak: Epidemiology and global burden of infective endocarditis7.9: Holger Reinecke: Epidemiology and global burden of peripheral arterial disease and aortic aneurysmsPART 2. InvestigationsSection 8. ElectrocardiogramSection editor: Antonio Bayes de Luna8.1: Antonio Bayes de Luna: Introduction8.2: Adrian Baranchuk and Bryce Alexander: Atrial abnormalities8.3: Ljuba Bacharova and Harvey Estes: Ventricular hypertrophy8.4: Antonio Bayes de Luna and Marcelo Elizari: Intraventricular conduction disturbances8.5: Miguel Fiol and Antonio Bayes de Luna: ECG patterns of ischaemia and necrosis8.6: Wojciech Zareba and Pyotr Platonov: ECG patterns related to arrhythmias and sudden death: channelopathies, early repolarization, and preexcitiation8.7: Angel Moya: ECG in syncope, palpitations, dyspnoea, and chest pain8.8: Antonio Bayes de Luna and Günter Breithardt: The abnormal ECG without apparent heart disease and the normal ECG in serious heart diseases: two extremes8.9: Iwona Cygankiewicz: Ambulatory ECG monitoringSection 9. Chest radiographySection editor: Christian Herold9.1: Christian Loewe and Dietrich Beitzke: Normal anatomy with a focus on the cardiac silhouette and the great vessels9.2: Massimo Pistolesi and Mariaelena Occhipinti: Pulmonary venous hypertension9.3: Thomas Henzler: Pulmonary arterial hypertension and acute and chronic thromboembolism9.4: Tomas Franquet: Pulmonary infections9.5: Nicola Sverzellati, Gianluca Milanese, and Mario Silva: Focal abnormalities9.6: Nicholas Screaton and Gianluca Milanese, and Mario Silva: Lines, tubes, and implantable devicesSection 10. Cardiac ultrasoundFrank Flachskampf10.1: Jens-Uwe Voigt: Principles of echocardiographic imaging and velocity assessment by Doppler and speckle tracking10.2: Thomas Binder: Technical equipment for echocardiography10.3: Thomas Binder: Transthoracic echocardiography and the standard examination of specific cardiac structures10.4: Roxy Senior and Nikolaos Karogiannis: Stress echocardiography10.5: Anastasia Vamvakidou and Roxy Senior: Contrast echocardiography10.6: Francesco F. Faletra, Laura A. Leo, Tiziano Moccetti, and Mark J. Monaghan: Three-dimensional echocardiography10.7: Thomas H. Marwick: Coronary heart disease10.8: Laura Ernande: Hypertension and diabetes10.9: Ruxandra Beyer and Frank A. Flachskampf: Transoesophageal echocardiography10.10: Jens-Uwe Voigt: Left ventricular function, heart failure, and resynchronization therapy10.11: Satoshi Nakatani: Assist devices10.12: Thor Edvardsen: Cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, and the transplanted heart10.13: Damien Voilliot and Patrizio Lancellotti: Cardiac valves10.14: Mehdi Eskandari and Mark J. Monaghan: Echocardiography in transcatheter aortic valve implantation10.15: Mehdi Eskandari and Mark J. Monaghan: Transcatheter mitral valve repair: from edge-to-edge to annuloplasty10.16: Felix C. Tanner and Rolf Jenni: Prosthetic valve evaluation10.17: Petros Nihoyannopoulos and Julia Grapsa: Pulmonary hypertension and the right ventricle10.18: Arturo Evangelista and José Rodríguez-Palomares: Echocardiographic assessment: diseases of the aorta10.19: Bogdan Popescu, Maria-Magdalena Gurzun, and Carmen Ginghina: Atrial fibrillation, cardiogenic embolism, and tumors10.20: Aleksandar N. Neskovic, Ivan Stankovic and Predrag Milicevic: Emergency echocardiographySection 11. Cardiovascular magnetic resonanceSection editor: Dudley Pennell11.1: Alicia Maceira: Normal anatomy and function11.2: Sonia Nielles-Vallespin: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance physics, techniques, and contrast agents11.3: Jurg Schwitter: Coronary artery disease11.4: Matthias Friedrich and Fabian Siepen: Cardiomyopathies11.5: Sonya Babu-Narayan: Congenital heart disease11.6: Saul Myerson: Valvular heart disease11.7: Chun Yuan, Zach Miller, and Jianming Cai: Atherosclerosis imaging11.8: Jan Bogaert: Angiography11.9: Massimo Lombardi and Antonia Camporeale: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in less common pathologiesSection 12. Cardiovascular computed tomographySection editor: Stephan Achenbach12.1: Stephan Achenbach: Technology of cardiac computed tomography12.2: Todd C. Villines, Joshua Mitchell, and Michael K. Cheezum: Coronary calcium12.3: Koen Nieman: Coronary computed tomography angiography: detection of coronary artery stenosis12.4: Pál Maurovich-Horvat: Coronary computed tomography angiography: imaging of coronary atherosclerotic plaque12.5: Amita Singh, Noreen Nazir, Victor Mor-Avi, and Amit R. Patel: Computed tomography myocardial perfusion12.6: Victoria Delgado: Computed tomography for cardiac morphology, function, and valve disease12.7: Mohamed Marwan and Stephan Achenbach: Computed tomography for cardiac interventionsSection 13. Nuclear cardiology and positron emission tomographySection editor: Philipp Kaufmann13.1: Alessia Gimelli and Riccardo Liga: Basic principles and technological state of the art: SPECT13.2: Frank Bengel: Basic principles and technological state of the art: PET13.3: Ronny R. Buechel and Aju P. Pazhenkottil: Basic principles and technological state of the art: hybrid imaging13.4: Juhani Knuuti, S. Richard Underwood, and Antti Saraste: Assessment of coronary artery disease: chronic stable angina13.5: Juhani Knuuti, S. Richard Underwood, and Antti Saraste: Assessment of coronary artery disease: imaging-guided management and therapy13.6: Danilo Neglia and Juhani Knuuti: Integration of stress nuclear imaging in the diagnostic and management algorithms of stable coronary artery disease13.7: Danilo Neglia and Juhani Knuuti: Assessment of coronary artery disease: nuclear myocardial perfusion imaging in specific patient populations13.8: Danilo Neglia and Oliver Gaemperli: Heart failure13.9: Fabien Hyafil, Dominique Le Guludec, and Oliver Gaemperli: Endocarditis and device infection13.10: Tobias A. Fuchs and Oliver Gaemperli: Infiltrative disease (amyloidosis/sarcoidosis)13.11: Philipp A. Kaufmann, Oliver Gaemperli, and Juhani Knuuti: Future potentialSection 14. Invasive imaging and haemodynamicsSection editor: Carlo Di Mario14.1: Guy Heyndrickx and Carlo Di Mario: Haemodynamic data14.2: Carlo Di Mario, Serafina Valente, and Carlotta Sorini Dini: Coronary Angiography and Ventriculography14.3: Philip Dingli, Nicola Ryan, Nieves Gonzalo, and Javier Escaned: Intravascular ultrasound imaging14.4: Francesco Prati, Laura Gatto, Enrico Romagnoli, and Luca Di Vito: Optical coherence tomography14.5: Carlo Di Mario, Carlotta Sorini Dini, and Serafina Valente: Near-infrared spectroscopy14.6: Emanuele Barbato and Fabio Mangiacapra: Functional coronary assessment: fractional flow reserve14.7: Justin Davies and Christopher Cook: Functional coronary assessment: instantaneous wave-free ratio and other indicesSection 15. Selection of imaging techniquesSection editor: Jeroen Bax15.1: Jeroen J. Bax, Alexander R. van Rosendael, Laurens F. Tops, Nina Ajmone Marsan, and Victoria Delgado: Choice of imaging techniquesPART 3. Heart DiseasesSection 16 Genetics of cardiovascular diseasesSection editor: Heribert Schunkert16.1: Heribert Schunkert: Introduction16.2: Jodie Ingles, Charlotte Burns, and Laura Yeates: Genetic counselling16.3: Eric Sijbrands: Principles of cascade screening16.4: Eric Schulze-Bahr: Principles of molecular genetic testing16.5: Eric Schulze-Bahr: Basic principles of genetic disease16.6: Andrea Mazzanti, Riccardo Maragna, and Sylvia Priori: Monogenic and oligogenic cardiovascular diseases: genetics of arrhythmias-long QT syndrome16.7: Erol Tülümen and Martin Borggrefe: Monogenic and oligogenic CV diseases - Genetics of arrhythmias - short QT Syndrome16.8: Sonia Van Dooren, Dorien Daneels, Gudrun Pappaert, Maryse Bonduelle, and Pedro Brugada Terradellas: Monogenic and oligogenic CV diseases - Genetics of arrhythmias - Brugada Syndrome16.9: Peter Schwartz and Lia Crotti: Monogenic and oligogenic CV diseases - Genetics of arrhythmias - catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia16.10: Najim Lahrouchi, Elijah Behr, and Connie Bezzina: Post-mortem genetic testing in sudden death cases16.11: Philippe Charron and Carole Maupain: Genetics of cardiomyopathies - Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy16.12: Daniel Oehler, Benjamin Meder, and Hugo Katus: Genetics of cardiomyopathies - Dilated cardiomyopathy16.13: Eloisa Arbustini, Alessandro Di Toro, Lorenzo Giuliani, Nupoor Narula, Valentina Favalli: Genetics of cardiomyopathies: left ventricular non-compaction16.14: Kalliopi Pilichou, Cristina Basso, Rudy Celeghin, and Gaetano Thiene: Genetics of cardiomyopathies - Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy16.15: Abdallah Fayssoil: Genetics of cardiomyopathies: cardiac manifestations of genetic mitochondrial diseases16.16: Frank Weidemann: Genetics of cardiomyopathies - Myocardial infiltration16.17: Dorien Schepers and Bart Loeys: Genetics of vascular disease: Marfan syndrome and aortic disease16.18: Daniela Barge-Schaapveld, Marco DeRuiter, Conny van Munsteren, and Monique Jongbloed: Structural diseases of the heart - Genetics of congenital heart diseases16.19: Sabine Klaassen: Structural diseases of the heart: syndromes affecting the cardiovascular system16.20: Heribert Schunkert: Complex Cardiovascular Diseases - Atherosclerosis - genetic factors16.21: Daniel Swerdlow, Steve Humphries, and Michael Holmes: Complex Cardiovascular Diseases - Dyslipidaemias - genetic factors16.22: Patrick Ellinor and Steven Lubitz: Complex cardiovascular diseases: genetic determi nants of atrial fibrillation16.23: Georg Ehert: Complex cardiovascular diseases: the genetics of arterial hypertensionSection 17. Congenital heart disease in children and adultsSection editor: John Deanfield17.1: John Deanfield: Introduction17.2: John Deanfield and Robert Andersen: Nomenclature17.3: John Deanfield and Bernard Keavney: Epidemiology and incidence17.4: Bernard Keavney and Elisavet Fotiou: Aetiology, genes, and environment17.5: Marietta Charakida: Fetal circulation & perinatal programming17.6: John Deanfield: Clinical Presentations & Initial Investigations17.7: Jan Marek, Folkert Meijboom, and Luc Mertens: Echocardiography17.8: Giovanni Biglino, Silvia Schievano, and Andrew Taylor: Cross-Sectional imaging/modelling17.9: Alessandro Giardini: Functional Testing17.10: Henry Chubb and Martin Lowe: Electrophysiological abnormalities and Arrhythmias17.11: Shakeel Qureshi: Interventional catheterization17.12: Michiel Winter, Berto Bouma, Barbara Mulder: Long term Outcomes17.13: Marietta Charakida: Arterial Disease in the Young17.14: Jolien Roos-Hesselink and Lucia Baris: Contraception and pregnancy17.15: Shahin Moledina: Pulmonary Hypertension17.16: Marc Gewillig: Heart Failure17.17: Dilveer Panesar and Mike Burch: Support/Transplantation17.18: Marc Gewillig: Atrial septal defect17.19: Michelle Carr: Atrioventricular septal defect17.20: Orla Franklin: Ventricular septal defect17.21: Robert Yates: Patent ductus arteriosus17.22: Robert Yates: Pulmonary valve stenosis17.23: Robert Yates: Vascular Rings17.24: David Anderson: Aortic stenosis and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction17.25: Marietta Charakida: Coarctation17.26: Robert Yates: Tetralogy of Fallot17.27: Sachin Khambadkone: Ebstein's Anomaly17.28: Alessandro Giardini: Hypoplastic left heart syndrome17.29: Marc Gewillig: Single ventricle/total cavopulmonary connection (Fontan circulation)17.30: Marietta Charakida and John Deanfield: Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection17.31: John Deanfield and Marietta Charakida: Complete transposition of the great arteries17.32: Robert Yates and Marietta Charakida: Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteriesSection 18. Prevention in cardiovascular disease and rehabilitationSection editor: Massimo Piepoli18.1: Massimo Piepoli: Introduction18.2: Yvo M. Smulders, Marie-Therese Cooney, and Ian Graham: Cardiovascular risk estimation at the individual level18.3: Guy De Backer, Johan De Sutter, and Ian M. Graham: Risk factor management at the level of the individual using lifestyle changes18.4: Eva Prescott, Torben Jørgensen, Maja-Lisa Løchen, Jonathan Pearson-Stuttard, Simon Capewell, and Maja Lisa Løchen: Risk factor intervention at the population level18.5: Ugo Corrà: Cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training18.6: Ugo Corrà: Prevention in cardiovascular disease and rehabilitation18.7: Christi Deaton, Margaret Cupples, and Kornelia Kotseva: Settings and stakeholdersSection 19. Diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndromeSection editor: Lars Ryden19.1: Lars Ryden: Introduction19.2: Jaakko Tuomilehto and Lars Ryden: Dysglycaemia - Definition, classification and diagnosis19.3: Francesco Cosentino: Vascular complications of dysglycaemia19.4: Nikolaus Marx: Cardiovascular risk assessment in diabetes and pr e-diabetes19.5: Linda Mellbin and Lars Ryden: Preventing cardiovascular complications in patients with dysglycemia19.6: Baris Gencer and Marco Roffi: Special conditions - Acute coronary syndromes19.7: Miguel Sousa Uva: Special conditions - Revascularisation19.8: Karl Swedberg: Diabetes and heart failure19.9: Heikki Huikuri and Lars Ryden: Diabetes and arrhythmias19.10: Lucia Mazzolai, Marianne Brodmann, and Victor Aboyans: Diabetes and lower extremity arterial disease19.11: Henrik Per Groop and Drazenka Pongrac Barlovic: Special conditions: kidney disease19.12: Asa Hornsten: Person centred careSection 20. Heart and the brainSection editor: Hans-Christoph Diener20.1: Hans-Christoph Diener: Acute ischaemic stroke: classification and diagnosis20.2: Christoph Kleinschnitz: Impact of stroke on heart function20.3: Stefan Hohnloser: Causes of cardioembolic stroke20.4: Hans-Christoph Diener: Embolic stroke of undetermined source20.5: Heinrich P. Mattle and Simon Jung: Treatment of acute stroke20.6: David R. Holmes Jr, Guy S. Reeder, and Heinrich Mattle: Closure of a patent foramen ovale for the prevention of stroke20.7: Hans-Christoph Diener: Secondary stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation20.8: Martin O'Donnell and Cliona Small: Management of vascular risk factors and co-morbidities in secondary stroke prevention20.9: Heinrich Mattle, Marcel Arnold, and Urs Fischer: Intracranial haemorrhage in patients with atrial fibrillation on anticoagulants20.10: Hans-Christoph Diener and John Camm: Atrial Fibrillation and dementiaSection 21. Cardiovascular problems in chronic kidney diseaseSection editor: Christoph Wanner21.1: Stephan Segerer and Harald Seeger: Epidemiology and chronic kidney disease as a cardiovascular risk factor21.2: Thomas F. Mueller and Valerie Luyckx: Causes of death in renal disease21.3: Christoph Wanner: Pathophysiology21.4: Victoria Delgado: Cardiovascular imaging in chronic kidney disease21.5: Stephan Segerer and Harald Seeger: Prevention and drug therapy in chronic kidney disease21.6: Petra Nijst and Wilfried Mullens: Device therapy in chronic kidney disease (implantable cardioverter defibrillator, cardiac resynchronization therapy)21.7: Thomas F. Mueller and Valerie Luyckx: Special considerations in patients undergoing renal replacement therapy and kidney transplant patientsSection 22. Erectile dysfunctionSection editor: Charalambos Vlachopoulos22.1: Piero Montorsi: Sex and the heart22.2: Michael Doumas and Chrysoula Boutari: Erectile dysfunction: definition and size of the problem22.3: Tiny Jaarsma: Asking22.4: Charalambos Vlachopoulos and Nikolaos Ioakeimidis: Erectile dysfunction as a marker and predictor of cardiovascular disease22.5: Geoffrey Hackett: Testosterone, erectile dysfunction, and the heart22.6: Kevan R. Wylie: Sexual function and dysfunction in women (and the effect for the couple)22.7: Michael Kirby: Lifestyle issues22.8: Mike Kirby and Jonny Coxon: Drugs22.9: Odunayo Kalejaiye, Amr Abdel Raheem, and David Ralph: Surgery22.10: Charalambos Vlachopoulos, Nikolaos Ioakeimidis, and Dimitris Tousoulis: Management of a patient with erectile dysfunction with or without known cardiovascular diseaseSection 23. Lung DiseaseSection editor: Martin Cowie23.1: Kieran Rothnie and Jennifer Quint: Epidemiological relationships between respiratory and cardiovascular diseases23.2: Antia Simonds: Long Term Oxygen Therapy/Ventilation and Cardiovascular outcomes in chronic lung and respiratory disease23.3: Jennifer Quint: Effect of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treatment on cardiovascular outcome23.4: Michael Polkey: Muscle weakness in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure23.5: William Man and Rachael Evans: Pulmonary rehabilitation in Chronic Lung Disease and Heart Failure23.6: Olaf Oldenburg: Sleep apnoea: definition, prevalence and role in cardiovascular diseases23.7: Melissa Lipford and Virend Somers: Sleep Related Breathing Disorders - Classification and diagnosis23.8: Holger Woehrle and Michael Arzt: Sleep apnoea: treatment options and sleep/cardiovascular outcome23.9: Bernardo Selim: Beyond positive airway pressure therapy: experimental and non-conventional treatments in sleep apnoea23.10: Mark Miller, Anoop Shah, Nicholas Mills, and Dave Newby: Atmospheric pollution and cardiovascular risk23.11: Samuel Verges and Patrick Levy: High-altitude pulmonary oedemaSection 24. Gastrointestinal diseaseSection editor: Gerhard Rogler24.1: Gerhard Rogler: Introduction24.2: Eduard F. Stange: Gut microbiome, metabolic syndrome, and atherosclerosis24.3: Slayman Obeid, Melroy Miranda, and Thomas F. Lüscher: Gut microbiota and coronary artery disease24.4: Giuseppe Rosano: The gut and cardiovascular diseases24.5: Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick and Regina Krattinger: Intestinal absorption and drug levels24.6: Felix Stickel, Matteo Montani, and Christian Datz: Chronic heart failure and liver function24.7: Conall Morgan and Luc Mertens: Protein-losing enteropathy associated with heart diseaseSection 25. Rheumatoid arthritis and the heartSection editor: Thomas Lüscher25.1: Thomas F. Lüscher: Introduction25.2: Roland Klingenberg and Ulf Müller-Ladner: Mechanisms of inflammation25.3: Luigi Marzio Biasucci and Giovanna Liuzzo: Inflammatory diseases: inflammation and cardiovascular disease25.4: Oliver Distler and Caroline Ospelt: Rheumatoid arthritis: basic mechanisms in joints25.5: Thomas F. Lüscher and Paul M. Ridker: Anti-inflammatory therapies for cardiovascular disease25.6: Oliver Distler and Adrian Ciurea: Treatment aims in rheumatoid arthritis25.7: Gerhard Rogler: Inflammatory bowel disease: basic mechanisms25.8: Christian M. Matter, Stephan Winnik, and Gerhard Rogler: Inflammatory bowel disease and the heart25.9: Alexander A. Navarini: PsoriasisSection 26. Rheumatic heart diseaseSection editor: Ferande Peters26.1: Ferande Peters: Introduction26.2: Liesl Zühlke: Epidemiology of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease26.3: Liesl Zühlke: Pathogenesis: from acute rheumatic fever to rheumatic heart disease26.4: Antoinette Cilliers: Clinical features and diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever26.5: Ferande Peters, Ruchika Meel, and Mohammed R. Essop: Echocardiography in acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease26.6: Liesl Zühlke: Prevention and definitive therapy of acute rheumatic fever26.7: Ferande Peters, Mpiko Ntsekhe, and Mohammed Essop: Chronic rheumatic disease26.8: Mohammed Essop, Mpiko Ntsekhe, and Ferande Peters: Clinical scenarios in chronic rheumatic heart disease26.9: Mohammed Essop: Therapeutic options in chronic rheumatic heart diseaseSection 27. Cardio-oncologySection editor: John Groarke27.1: John Groarke: Introduction27.2: Ersilia M. DeFilippis and Anju Nohria: Radiation-induced heart disease: surveillance and management27.3: Cian P. McCarthy, Michael T. Osborne, and Tomas G. Neilan: Surveillance for cardiotoxicity in patients receiving potentially cardiotoxic chemotherapy27.4: Daniela Cardinale and Carlo Maria Cipolla: Anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity: epidemiology, surveillance, prophylaxis, management, and prognosis27.5: Torbjørn Omland: Trastuzumab-related cardiotoxicity: epidemiology, surveillance, management, prophylaxis, and prognosis27.6: Mark Sweeney and Alexander Lyon: Cardiovascular complications of novel kinase inhibitors27.7: Daniel J. Lenihan: Cardiovascular complications of novel multiple myeloma treatments27.8: Daniel Perry, Megan Caram, and Monika Leja: Cardiovascular risk in men with prostate cancer27.9: John Keaney: Cardiac arrhythmias and cancer therapiesSection 28. HIVSection editor: Nombulelo P. Magula28.1: Nombulelo P. Magula and Akira Singh: Introduction28.2: Giuseppe Barbaro: Epidemiology of HIV-associated cardiovascular complications28.3: Ntobeko A. B. Ntusi: HIV-associated cardiomyopathy and myocarditis28.4: Rubeshan Perumal and Nombulelo P. Magula: Pericarditis and myopericarditis in HIV28.5: Darrin Ryan Naidoo and Sherlina Kasipersad: Vascular disease: coronary, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease28.6: Anastase Dzudie and Friedrich Thienemann: Pulmonary hypertension: definitions, classification, diagnosis, and management28.7: Nombulelo P. Magula, Rubeshan Perumal, and Ruffin Apalata: Antiretroviral treatmentSection 29. Acute coronary syndromesSection editor: Stefan James29.1: Stefan James and Marco Roffi: Introduction29.2: Michael Joner and Philipp Nicol: The plaque29.3: Héctor Bueno: Epidemiology of acute coronary syndromes29.4: Lene Rørholm Pedersen and Eva Prescott: General risk factors of acute coronary syndromes29.5: Giovanna Liuzzo, Daniela Pedicino, and Filippo Crea: Pathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes29.6: Robert Storey and William Parker: Thrombotic response29.7: Pascal Vranckx: Development of myocardial infarction29.8: Christian Mueller: Diagnosis and risk stratification of acute coronary syndromes29.9: Marco Valgimigli and Marco Angelillis: Treatment of non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes29.10: Borja Ibanez and Sigrun Halvorsen: Treatment of ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromesSection 30. Takotsubo syndromeSection editor: Christian Templin30.1: Christian Templin: Introduction30.2: Abhiram Prasad: Incidence and definition of takotsubo syndrome30.3: Leonarda Galiuto and Filippo Crea: Mechanisms of takotsubo syndrome30.4: John D. Horowitz, Thanh Ha Nguyen, Sven Y. Surikow, Gao Jing Ong, Cher-Rin Chong, Dana K. Dawson, and Michael P. Frenneaux: Signal transduction pathways initiated by catecholamines in takotsubo syndrome: focus on nitrosative stress and energetic impairment30.5: Jelena R. Ghadri: Triggers of takotsubo syndrome30.6: Ilan Wittstein: Clinical presentation of takotsubo syndrome30.7: Rodolfo Citro and Eduardo Bossone: Diagnostic testing in takotsubo syndrome30.8: Federico Migliore, Sebastiano Gili, and Domenico Corrado: ECG features and arrhythmias in takotsubo syndrome30.9: Ken Kato, Sebastiano Gili, Fabio Fabbian, and Roberto Manfredini: Co-morbidities in takotsubo syndrome30.10: John E. Madias: Management of takotsubo syndrome30.11: Scott W. Sharkey: Takotsubo syndrome complications, outcome, and prognosisSection 31. Chronic ischaemic heart diseaseSection editor: William Wijns31.1: William Wijns: Introduction31.2: Michael Joner, Kristin Steigerwald, and Anna Bulin: Pathology of Stable Coronary Artery Disease31.3: Nils Johnson and K. Gould: Pathophysiology of coronary circulation31.4: Filippo Crea and Gaetano Lanza: Myocardial ischaemia: definition and causes31.5: Christian Seiler: Importance of the Coronary Collateral Circulation31.6: Jeroen Bax: Coronary artery disease: from atherosclerosis to obstructive disease, inducible ischaemia, and the ischaemic cascade31.7: Ulrich Fischer-Rasokat and Christian Hamm: Clinical symptoms of stable ischaemic heart disease31.8: Juhani Knuuti and Antti Saraste: Non invasive functional evaluation31.9: Stephan Achenbach: Invasive and non-invasive (computed tomography) angiography31.10: Keith Oldroyd and Colin Berry: Invasive functional evaluation31.11: Nicola Ryan, Nieves Gonzalo, and Javier Escaned: Intracoronary imaging31.12: Vasim Farooq, Patrick Serruys, and Ply Chichareon: Risk stratification and risk scores31.13: Nicolas Danchin, Etienne Puymirat, and Nadia Aissaoui: Medical management: lifestyle and behavioural changes31.14: Aviv Shaul and David Hasdai: Medical management: pharmacological therapy31.15: Jean Claude Tardif, Philippe L'Allier, and Fabien Picard: Myocardial revascularization: symptomatic and prognostic indications31.16: Ruben Osnabrugge and Pieter Kappetein: Cost Effectiveness31.17: Ran Kornowski and Eli Lev: Patient Reported Outcome Measures in Cardiovascular Disease31.18: Ruben Osnabrugge and Pieter Kappetein: Ischaemic heart disease and diabetes31.19: Daniele Giacoppo and Robert Byrne: Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary artery bypass grafting31.20: Alessia Azzano and Stefan Verheye: Refractory angina31.21: Ward Heggermont, Marc Vanderheyden, and Jozef Bartunek: Chronic ischaemic cardiomyopathy31.22: Paolo Camici and Ornella Rimoldi: Microvascular angina31.23: Peter Ong and Udo Sechtem: Vasospastic anginaSection 32. Myocardial diseaseSection editor: Perry Elliott32.1: Perry Elliott: Introduction32.2: Eloisa Arbustini, Valentina Favalli, Alessandro Di Toro, Alessandra Serio, and Jagat Narula: Classification of cardiomyopathies32.3: Claudio Rapezzi and Massimiliano Lorenzini: General approach to diagnosis of cardiomyopathies32.4: Mohammed Akhtar and Luis Lopes: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: genetics32.5: Albert Hagege: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: diagnosis and assessment of symptoms32.6: Iacopo Olivotto: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: medical management of heart failure symptoms and arrhythmias32.7: Steve Omen: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: invasive management of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction32.8: Constantinos O'Mahony: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: prevention of sudden cardiac death32.9: Luis Lopes: Dilated cardiomyopathy: genetics32.10: Gianfranco Sinagra, Marco Merlo, and Davide Stolfo: Dilated Cardiomyopathy - Clinical diagnosis and medical management32.11: Pier Lambiase and Rui Providencia: Dilated cardiomyopathy: management of arrhythmia and prevention of sudden cardiac death32.12: Jens Mogensen: Restrictive cardiomyopathy32.13: Petros Syrris and Alexandros Protonotarios: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: genetics32.14: Cristina Basso, Barbara Bauce, and Gaetano Thiene: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: diagnosis32.15: Perry Elliott and Alexandros Protonotarios: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: management of symptoms and prevention of sudden cardiac death32.16: Pablo Garcia-Pavia and Fernando Dominguez: Left ventricular non-compaction: genetics and embryology32.17: Jens Mogensen and Torsten B. Rasmussen: Left ventricular non-compaction: diagnosis and clinical management32.18: Sabine Pankuweit: Myocarditis - Aetiology & histopathological diagnosis32.19: Alida Caforio, Renzo Marcolongo, and Sabino Iliceto: Myocarditis - Clinical presentation32.20: Ali Yilmaz and Anca Florian: Myocarditis: imaging techniques32.21: Peter Heinz Schultheiss and Felicitas Escher: Myocarditis - Treatment of myocarditis32.22: Denis Duboc: The heart in neuromuscular disease: primary mitochondrial diseases32.23: Henning Bundgaard, Anna Axelsson, Alex Christensen, and Helle Petri: The heart in neuromuscular disease: myotonic dystrophy32.24: Karim Wahbi: The Heart in Neuromuscular disease - Duchenne and Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophies32.25: Ales Linhart: The heart in inherited metabolic disorders: lysosomal and glycogen storage diseases32.26: Martha Grogan: Cardiac Amyloidosis32.27: Karen Sliwa and Denise Hilfiker-Kleiner: Peripartum Cardiomyopathy32.28: Juan Kaski and Gabrielle Norrish: Childhood cardiomyopathySection 33. Pericardial diseaseSection editor: Yehuda Adler33.1: Michael Arad and Yehuda Adler: Overview of pericardial syndromes33.2: Massimo Imazio, Fiorenzo Gaita, and Yehuda Adler: Acute and recurrent pericarditis33.3: Antonio Brucato and Stefano Maggiolini: Pericardial effusion33.4: Arsen D. Ristic, Petar M. Seferovic, Bernhard Maisch, and Vladimir Kanjuh: Cardiac tamponade33.5: Antonis Pantazis, Karin Klingel, and Yishay Wasserstrum: Constrictive pericarditis33.6: Angelos G. Rigopoulos and Hubert Seggewiss: Pericardial masses and congenital abnormalities33.7: Dor Lotan and Yehuda Adler: Pericardial involvement in neoplastic disease33.8: Massimo Imazio and Fiorenzo Gaita: Multimodality imaging of pericardial diseases33.9: Bernhard Maisch, Arsen Ristic, Sabine Pankuweit, and Peter Seferovic: Interventional therapies for pericardial diseases33.10: George Krasopoulos: Surgical therapies for pericardial disease33.11: Yehuda Adler and Dor Lotan: What next?Section 34. Tumours of the heartSection editor: Gaetano Thiene34.1: Gaetano Thiene, Stefania Rizzo, Martina Perazzolo Marra, Marialuisa Valente, and Cristina Basso: Masses and cardiac tumours: classification and diagnosis34.2: Cristina Basso, Stefania Rizzo, Martina Perazzolo Marra, Marialuisa Valente, and Gaetano Thiene: Benign cardiac tumours34.3: Cristina Basso, Stefania Rizzo, Marialuisa Valente, Martina Perazzolo Marra, and Gaetano Thiene: Malignant tumours, pericardial tumours, and therapySection 35. Valvular heart diseaseSection editor: Helmut Baumgartner35.1: Bernard Lung and Pieter Kappetein: Introduction and general comments35.2: Pilar Tornos Mas and Emmanuel Lansac: Aortic regurgitation35.3: Helmut Baumgartner and Thomas Walther: Aortic stenosis35.4: Raphael Rosenhek and Michele de Bonis: Mitral regurgitation35.5: Alec Vahanian: Mitral stenosis35.6: Patrizio Lancellotti and Michele de Bonis: Tricuspid regurgitation35.7: Michele DeBonis: Tricuspid stenosis35.8: Michele DeBonis: Combined and multiple valve diseases35.9: Bernard Iung and Johan Sjögren: Prosthetic valves35.10: Johan Holm and Bernard Iung: Management during non-cardiac surgery35.11: Johan Holm and Bernard Iung: Management during pregnancySection 36. Infective endocarditisSection editor: Gilbert Habib36.1: Bernard Iung: Epidemiology and physiopathology36.2: Nuria Fernández-Hidalgo, María Nazarena Pizzi, and Pilar Tornos: Diagnosis36.3: Isidre Vilacosta and Carmen Olmos: Prognosis and complications36.4: José A. San Román and Javier López: Prosthetic valve endocarditis36.5: Maria Grazia Bongiorni and Andrea Di Cori: Cardiac device-related endocarditis36.6: José A. San Román and Javier López: Right-sided infective endocarditis36.7: Patrizio Lancellotti and Stella Marchetta: Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis36.8: Joey M. Kuijpers, Berto J. Bouma, and Barbara J. M. Mulder: Congenital heart disease36.9: Gilbert Habib: Indications for surgery: guidelines36.10: Jean-François Obadia, Benoit Cosset, and Matteo Pozzi: Surgical techniques36.11: Bruno Hoen and Xavier Duval: Antibiotic prophylaxis and prevention of infective endocarditis36.12: Gilbert Habib: Conclusion and future directionsSection 37. Heart failureSection editor: John McMurray37.1: Theresa McDonagh and Kaushik Guha: Epidemiology of Heart Failure37.2: Pietro Aldo Maggioni and Ovidiu Chioncel: Definition, epidemiology, and burden of disease: HFrEF37.3: Lars Lund and Gianluigi Savarese: Definition, epidemiology, and burden of disease: HFpEF37.4: Anna Stromberg and Tiny Jaarsma: Definitions: quality of life, health, and health-related quality of life37.5: Pardeep Jhund: Chronic heart failure diagnosis: symptoms, signs, and the ECG37.6: Sanjiv Shah and Daniel Silverman: Chronic heart failure diagnosis: HFpEF37.7: Thomas Marwick: Chronic heart failure diagnosis: echocardiography37.8: Robert Manka and Sabrina Oebel: Chronic heart failure diagnosis: cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging37.9: Christian Mueller: Chronic heart failure diagnosis - Biomarkers37.10: Perry Elliott: Chronic heart failure diagnosis - Genetics37.11: Vasiliki Bistola, John Parissis, and Gerasimos Filippatos: Estimating prognosis - Prognostic scores37.12: Arthur Richards: Estimating prognosis - Biomarkers37.13: Dipak Kotecha and Mitja Lainscak: Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF) - Atrial fibrillation37.14: Mark Petrie and Kieran Doherty: Co-morbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF): diabetes mellitus37.15: Francesco Paneni and Massimo Volpe: Co-morbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF): hypertension37.16: Kevin Damman: Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF) - Renal dysfunction37.17: Piotr Ponikowski: Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF) - Anaemia/iron deficiency37.18: Stefan Anker and Stephan von Haeling: Co-morbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF): obesity, cachexia, sarcopenia, and the impact of nutrition37.19: Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF) a Lung disease37.20: Martin Cowie: Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF) - Sleep disordered breathing37.21: Thomas Suter: Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF) - Cancer37.22: Luc Pierard: Co-morbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF): valvular heart disease37.23: Rhondalyn Forde-McLean and Mariell Jessup: HFrEF pharmacological treatment: diuretics37.24: Marc Pfeffer: HFrEF pharmacological treatment: ACEIs and/or ARBs37.25: John McMurray: HFrEF pharmacological treatment: angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors37.26: Simon Beggs and Roy Gardner: HFrEF pharmacological treatment: beta blockers37.27: Michel Komajda: HFrEF pharmacological treatment - Ivabradine37.28: John Cleland and Yura Mareev: HFrEF pharmacological treatment: digitalis glycosides37.29: Faraz Ahmad and Clyde Yancy: HFrEF pharmacological treatment - Hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate37.30: Valentina Kutyifa: HFrEF other treatment: indications and results of implantable cardioverter defibrillator and cardiac resynchronization therapy37.31: Eric Velazquez and Mark Petrie: HFrEF other treatment - Revascularization37.32: Randall Starling and Emer Joyce: HFrEF other treatment: ventricular assist devices37.33: Peter MacDonald and Kumud Dhital: Advanced Heart Failure other treatment - Transplantation37.34: Anna Stromberg and Tiny Jaarsma: HFrEF other treatment: nurse-led heart failure management programmes37.35: Maja Cikes and Scott Solomon: HFpEF treatment - Pharmacological therapy37.36: Dirk van Veldhuisen: Patient monitoring in heart failure37.37: Alan Cohen-Solal: Exercise rehabilitation in heart failure37.38: James Beattie: Palliative care in heart failure37.39: Adriaan Voors and Piotr Ponikowski: Acute heart failure - Diagnosis37.40: Javier Martin-Sanchez, Oscar Miro, and Hector Bueno: Acute heart failure - Immediate management/stabilization37.41: Dimitrios Farmakis, John Parissis, and Gerasimos Filippatos: Acute heart failure - TreatmentSection 38. BradycardiaSection editor: Giuseppe Boriani38.1: Giuseppe Boriani: Introduction38.2: Fredrik Gadler and Cinzia Valzania: Aetiology and epidemiology of bradyarrhythmias38.3: Bulent Gorenek and Gulmira Kudaiberdieva: Classification of bradyarrhythmias38.4: Georges H. Mairesse: Methods and tools for the diagnosis of intermittent and persistent bradycardia38.5: Antonio Zaza: Anatomy and physiology of the sinus node38.6: Bruce Wilkoff and Corey Coleman: The sinus node: normal and abnormal chronotropic response and drug effects38.7: Jonathan M. Kalman and Gwilym M. Morris: Sinus node disease: pathophysiology and natural history38.8: Tatjana Potpara: Sinus node disease: ECG patterns and diagnosis38.9: Dominic A. M. J. Theuns: Sinus node disease: the role of electrophysiological testing38.10: Atrial tachyarrhythmias in bradycardiaatachycardia syndrome: characterization and evolution38.11: M. J. Pekka Raatikainen: Anatomy and physiology of the atrioventricular node38.12: S. Serge Barold: Atrioventricular conduction abnormalities and atrioventricular blocks: ECG patterns and diagnosis38.13: Demosthenes G. Katritsis and Mark E. Josephson: Atrioventricular conduction abnormalities and atrioventricular blocks: role of electrophysiology testing38.14: Drago Fabrizio and Battipaglia Irma: Congenital atrioventricular blocks: clinical presentation, clinical evaluation, and management38.15: Richard Sutton: Carotid sinus syndrome: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management38.16: Hein Heidbuchel: Bradycardia in athletes: clinical evaluation and management38.17: Renato Pietro Ricci: Cardiac pacing: basic concepts38.18: Alexander Bauer: Temporary pacing38.19: Béla Merkely: Permanent cardiac pacing in bradyarrhythmias: device coding38.20: Jens Cosedis Nielsen and Jens Kristensen: Pacing for bradycardia: device features and algorithms and clinical impact38.21: Carsten Israel: Electrocardiographic patterns of cardiac pacemakers: normal and abnormal findings38.22: Anne M. Gillis: Follow-up of pacemaker patients with bradyarrhythmias: scope of follow-up and organizational issues38.23: Johannes Sperzel: Pacemakers in children and adolescents38.24: Jean Claude Deharo: Lead management38.25: Jan Steffel: Electromagnetic interference in pacemaker patients38.26: Giuseppe Boriani and Igor Diemberger: Pacemaker syndromeSection 39. SyncopeSection editor: Michele Brignole39.1: J. Gert van Dijk and Roland D. Thijs: Definition, epidemiology, classification, and pathophysiology39.2: Frederik J. de Lange and J. Gert van Dijk: Diagnostic evaluation39.3: Jean-Claude Deharo: Reflex syncope39.4: Richard Sutton: Cardiac syncope39.5: Artur Fedorowski: Orthostatic intolerance: orthostatic hypotension and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome39.6: Vincent Probst and Jean-Baptiste Gourraud: Unexplained syncope in patients with high risk of sudden cardiac death39.7: Michele Brignole: Recommendations of the European Society of Cardiology Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope (version 2018)Section 40. Supraventricular tachycardiasSection editor: Carina Blomstorm-Lundqvist40.1: Carina Blomström-Lundqvist: Introduction40.2: Gregory Y. H. Lip: Epidemiology of supraventricular tachycardias40.3: Tatjana Potpara: Atrial premature beats40.4: Tatjana Potpara: Definitions, clinical presentation, symptoms, quality of life, and patient preferences40.5: Haran Burri: Differential diagnosis of supraventricular tachycardias40.6: Isabel Deisenhofer: Acute management of supraventricular tachycardias with and without established diagnosis (termination and/or rate regulation of tachycardia)40.7: Isabel Deisenhofer: Management of rapid heartbeats/tachycardias with rhythm or rate control in the absence of ECG-verified diagnosis40.8: Isabel Deisenhofer: Management of specific supraventricular tachycardias40.9: Brian Olshansky: Sinus node-related tachycardias: physiological sinus tachycardia, inappropriate sinus tachycardia, sinus node reentrant tachycardia, and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome40.10: Pierre Jaïs and Nicolas Derval: Atrial tachycardias: focal and multifocal atrial tachycardias40.11: Jose L. Merino: Atrial tachycardias: macroreentrant atrial tachycardias, CTI-dependent atrial flutter (clockwise, anticlockwise), and non-CTI-dependent macroreentrant atrial tachycardia40.12: Demosthenes G. Katritsis: Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia40.13: Jonathan Chrispin and Hugh Calkins: Accessory pathways-related tachycardias: Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and atrioventricular reentrant tachycardias40.14: Carlo Pappone and Vincenzo Santinelli: Concealed accessory pathways and related tachycardias40.15: Hildegard Tanner: Permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia40.16: Carlo Pappone and Vincenzo Santinelli: Pre-excitation related to Mahaim physiology40.17: Jonathan Chrispin and Hugh Calkins: Asymptomatic pre-excitation40.18: Demosthenes G. Katritsis: Non-reentrant junctional tachycardias40.19: Giuseppe Boriani: Health economySection 41. Atrial fibrillationSection editor: John Camm41.1: A. John Camm: Introduction41.2: Emelia Benjamin and Darae Ko: Epidemiology41.3: Ulrich Schotten: Mechanisms of atrial fibrillation: electrophysiological basis41.4: David O. Arnar and Hilma Holm: Mechanisms of atrial fibrillation: genetics41.5: David R. Van Wagoner: Mechanisms of atrial remodelling41.6: Larissa Fabritz, Ulrich Schotten, and Paulus Kirchhof: Types of atrial fibrillation41.7: Ben Freedman and Nicole Lowres: Silent atrial fibrillation41.8: Justin G. L. M. Luermans, Jordi Heijman, Isabelle C. Van Gelder, and Harry J. G. M. Crijns: Atrial fibrillation progression and prevention41.9: Hein Heidbuchel: Clinical investigation of patients presenting with atrial fibrillation41.10: Christian Sticherling and Michael Kuehne: Management of acute presentation with atrial fibrillation rate control41.11: Riccardo Cappato: Restoration of sinus rhythm: direct current cardioversion41.12: Irina Savelieva: Pharmacological cardioversion for atrial fibrillation41.13: Isabelle C. Van Gelder, Michiel Rienstra, Laurent Pison, and Harry J. G. M. Crijns: Rate control: medical therapy41.14: Maurizio Gasparini and Paola Galimberti: Rate control: ablation and device therapy (ablate and pace)41.15: Juan Tamargo: Rhythm control: antiarrhythmic drugs41.16: Gerhard Hindricks, Nikolaos Dagres, Philipp Sommer, and Andreas Bollmann: Development of atrial fibrillation catheter ablation and ablation strategies41.17: Chawannuch Ruaengsri, Matthew R. Schill, Richard B. Schuessler, and Ralph J. Damiano, Jr: Rhythm control: surgical ablation41.18: Albert L. Waldo: Rate versus rhythm control therapy for atrial fibrillation41.19: Jeroen Hendriks: Follow-up of patients with atrial fibrillation41.20: Gregory Y. H. Lip: Stroke risk factors and risk stratification in atrial fibrillation41.21: Michael D. Ezekowitz and Amanulla N. Khaji: Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation41.22: Margaret C. Fang: Bleeding risk in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation41.23: Thorsten Lewalter, Clemens Jilek, and Peter Sick: Thromboprophylaxis in atrial fibrillation: device therapy and surgical techniques41.24: Eric M. Riles and Melvin Scheinman: Classification and mechanisms of atrial flutter41.25: Bhupesh Pathik and Jonathan M. Kalman: Atrial flutter: clinical presentation41.26: Tilman Maurer, Christine Lemes, and Karl-Heinz Kuck: Atrial flutter: management41.27: Johannes Brachmann: Atrial fibrillation and heart failure41.28: Eduard Guasch and Lluís Mont: Atrial fibrillation and athletes41.29: David Hirsh and Nanette Wenger: Atrial fibrillation in the elderly41.30: Rohan S. Wijesurendra and Barbara Casadei: Atrial fibrillation after cardiopulmonary surgery41.31: Hung-Fat Tse and Jo-Jo Hai: Atrial fibrillation and hypertension41.32: Bernadette Biondi: Atrial fibrillation and hyperthyroidism41.33: Rajiv Mahajan, Dennis H. Lau, and Prashanthan Sanders: Atrial fibrillation and obesity41.34: Jared D. Miller and Hugh G. Calkins: Atrial fibrillation and sleep apnoea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease41.35: Ken Okumura and Hirofumi Tomita: Atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease41.36: Jamie Conti, Mark Panna, and Michael Kaufmann: Atrial fibrillation in pregnancy41.37: Sunil Kapur and Saurabh Kumar: Atrial fibrillation associated with adult congenital heart disease41.38: Jeroen Hendriks: Integrated care management in atrial fibrillation41.39: Deirdre A. Lane: Patient educationSection 42. Ventricular tachycardiaSection editor: Brian Olshansky42.1: Nishant Verma and Bradley P. Knight: Classification of ventricular tachycardias42.2: Sei Iwai and Jason Jacobson: Evaluation and acute management of wide QRS complex tachycardia42.3: Alfred E. Buxton: Classification and treatment of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia42.4: Fernando M. Contreras-Valdes and Peter J. Zimetbaum: Sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia associated with structural heart disease: classification, assessment, and initial treatment42.5: Akihiko Nogami: Bundle branch reentry tachycardia42.6: Len Ganz: Electrical storm42.7: Tilman Maurer,William G. Stevenson, and Karl-Heinz Kuck: Sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia: the role of catheter ablation42.8: Victor Bazan, Enrique Rodriguez-Font, and Francis E. Marchlinski: Sustained and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia and no associated heart disease (idiopathic ventricular tachycardia)42.9: L. Brent Mitchell: Polymorphic ventricular tachycardias including torsade de pointesSection 43. Sudden Cardiac DeathSection editor: Gerhard Hindricks43.1: Harry Rakowski and Arnon Adler: Epidemiology and underlying substrates43.2: Pedro Brugada Terradellas and Juan Sieira: Arrhythmic mechanisms of sudden cardiac death: bradycardia and tachycardia43.3: Efstathios Iliodromitis and Dimitrios Farmaksis: Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death in the general population43.4: Nikolaos Dagres and Gerhard Hindricks: Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death in ischaemic cardiomyopathy43.5: Dietmar Baensch: Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death in dilated cardiomyopathy43.6: Wilhelm Haverkamp and Philipp Attanasi: Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy43.7: Firat Duru and Corinna Brunckhorst: Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy43.8: Peter J. Schwartz and Lia Crotti: Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death in primary electrical disorders43.9: Juan Fernandez-Armenta, Antonio Berruezo, Juan Acosta, and Diego Penela: New techniques for risk assessment in sudden cardiac death43.10: Efstathios Iliodromitis and Dimitrios Farmaksis: Prevention of sudden cardiac death in the general population43.11: Luigi Di Biase, Jorge Romero, Andrea Natale, Ricardo Avendano, and Mario Garcia: Prevention of sudden cardiac death in ischaemic cardiomyopathy43.12: Jens Cosedis Nielsen and Jens Kristensen: Secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death in ischaemic cardiomyopathy43.13: Riccardo Cappato: Primary prevention of sudden death in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy43.14: Riccardo Cappato: Secondary prevention of sudden death in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy43.15: Barry Maron: Primary prevention of sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy43.16: Wilhelm Haverkamp and Philipp Attanasio: Secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy43.17: Katja Zeppenfeld and Sebastiaan Piers: Primary prevention of sudden cardiac death in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy43.18: Katja Zeppenfeld and Sebastiaan Piers: Secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy43.19: Josep Brugada and Elena Arbelo: Secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death after catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia43.20: Josep Brugada and Elena Arbelo: Prevention of sudden cardiac death in primary electrical disorders43.21: Arash Arya: The implantable cardioverter defibrillator, conclusions on sudden cardiac death, and future perspectiveSection 44. Systemic hypertensionSection editor: Bryan Williams44.1: Stefano Taddei, Rosa Bruno, Masi Stefano, and Anna Solini: Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Hypertension44.2: Gianfranco Parati: Blood pressure measurement in hypertension: definition and classification of blood pressure levels44.3: Giovanni De Simone: Target organ damage, cardiovascular disease risk, and clinical evaluation of the hypertensive patient44.4: Isabella Sudano: Secondary causes of hypertension44.5: Bryan Williams: Blood pressure Thresholds for treatment and blood pressure treatment targets in hypertension44.6: Francesco P Cappuccio: Sodium and potassium intake, blood pressure and cardiovascular prevention44.7: Michel Burnier, Sverre Kjeldsen, Anthony Heagerty, and Bryan Williams: Drug treatment of hypertension44.8: Felix Mahfoud: Device based treatment for hypertension44.9: Enrico Agabiti Rosei, Maria Lorenza Muiesan, and Massimo Salvetti: Hypertension in Specific conditions / comorbidities44.10: Thomas Kahan: Hypertension in Special situationsPart 4 Vascular diseaseSection 45. Pulmonary HypertensionSection editor: Marc Humbert45.1: Marc Humbert: Introduction45.2: Stephan Rosenkranz: Pulmonary hypertension: definition45.3: Rogerio Souza, Jose Leonidas Alves, and Susana Hoette: Pulmonary hypertension: epidemiology45.4: Christophe Guignabert, Ly Tu, Alice Huertas, and Marc Humbert: Pathophysiologic Mechanisms in Pulmonary Hypertension45.5: Florent Soubrier, Melanie Eyries, Barbara Girerd, David Montani, David Tregouet, and Marc Humbert: Pulmonary hypertension genes as major diagnostic tools45.6: Joanne Groeneveldt, Anton Vonk Noordegraaf, and Frances de Man: Mechanisms of right ventricular failure45.7: Marion Delcroix and Catharina Belge: Clinical Presentation of Pulmonary Hypertension45.8: Marion Delcroix and Catharina Belge: Life-threatening complications of pulmonary hypertension45.9: Rogerio Souza, Francisca Oleas, and Caio Fernandes: Pulmonary hypertension: clinical classification45.10: Adam Torbicki: Echocardiographic findings in pulmonary hypertension45.11: John Coghlan: Screening for pulmonary arterial hypertension45.12: Rogerio Souza, Daniela Calderaro, and Luis Felipe Prada: Diagnosis and clinical Investigation of patients presenting with pulmonary hypertension45.13: Stephan Rosenkranz: Management of pulmonary hypertension - Basic treatment45.14: Nazzareno Galie, Alessandra Manes, and Massimiliano Palazzini: Management of pulmonary hypertension: targeted therapies45.15: Nazzareno Galie, Alessandra Manes, and Massimiliano Palazzini: Management of pulmonary hypertension - Treatment algorithm45.16: Laurent Savale: Lung transplantation in pulmonary arterial hypertension45.17: Rogerio Souza, Carlos Jardim, and Luciana Morinaga: Idiopathic pulmonary arterial Hypertension45.18: Nicholas Morrell and Charaka Hadinnapola: Heritable pulmonary arterial Hypertension45.19: Irene Lang and Meinhard Kneussl: Pulmonary arterial Hypertension induced by drugs and toxins45.20: Chris Denton: Pulmonary arterial Hypertension associated with connective tissue disease45.21: Olivier Sitbon and Laurent Savale: Portopulmonary Hypertension45.22: Michael Gatzoulis, Margarita Brida, and Michel Gatzoulis: Pulmonary arterial Hypertension associated with congenital heart diseases45.23: Olivier Sitbon: Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension associated with HIV infection45.24: David Montani, Barbara Girerd, Edmund Lau, and Marc Humbert: Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease and/or pulmonary capillary haemangiomatois45.25: Jean-Luc Vachiery: Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart diseases45.26: Ari Chaouat, Anne Guillaumot, Emmanuel Gomez, Olivier Huttin, Christine Suty-Selton, and Francois Chabot: Pulmonary hypertension due to chronic lung diseases45.27: Gerald Simonneau: Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension45.28: Andrew Peacock: 'Group 5' pulmonary hypertension due to multiple and/or unclear mechanisms45.29: Simon Gibbs: Referral centres and patient education45.30: David Montani, Barbara Girerd, and Marc Humbert: Genetic counselling in pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension45.31: Marius Hoeper: Risk assessment and treatment goals in patients presenting with pulmonary arterial hypertension45.32: Marc Humbert: ConclusionSection 46. Diseases of the aortaSection editor: Raimund Erbel46.1: Raimund Erbel: Introduction46.2: Raimund Erbel: The normal aorta46.3: Oliver Gaemperli and Udo Sechtem: Aortic aneurysm - Thoracic aortic aneurysm - Diagnostic approach46.4: Axel Haverich and Andreas Martens: Aortic aneurysm - Thoracic aortic aneurysm - Therapeutic options46.5: Roberto Bartolomeo, Alessandro Leone, Luca Di Marco, and Davide Pacini: Aortic aneurysm - Aortic arch aneurysms46.6: Regula von Allmen: Aortic aneurysm - Abdominal aortic aneurysm - Diagnostic Approach46.7: Regula von Allmen: Aortic aneurysm - Abdominal aortic aneurysm - Therapeutic options46.8: Yuvrajsinh Parmar and I. Kronzon: Aortic sclerosis - Clinical signs and diagnosis46.9: Raimund Erbel: Aortic sclerosis - Therapy46.10: Riccardo Gorla, Eduardo Bossone, and Raimund Erbel: Acute aortic syndrome - Diagnostic strategy and clinical features46.11: Toru Suzuki, Riccardo Gorla, and Eduardo Bossone: Acute aortic syndrome: emerging role of biomarkers46.12: Christoph Starck, Robert Hammerschmidt, and Volkmar Falk: Acute aortic syndrome - Aortic dissection - Ascending aortic dissection46.13: Rachel Clough, Xun Yuan, and Chirstoph Nienaber: Acute aortic syndrome - Aortic dissection - Descending aortic dissection46.14: Jae-Kwan Song: Acute aortic syndrome - Intramural Haematoma46.15: Arturo Evangelista and Jose Rodriguez-Palomares: Penetrating aortic ulcer46.16: Johnny Steuer and Mario Lachat: Acute aortic syndrome - Traumatic aortic injury46.17: Ivan Nunez-Gil and Gisela Feltes: Acute aortic syndrome - latrogenic aortic trauma46.18: Dorien Schepers and Bart Loeys: Genetic diseases of the aorta - Chromosomal and inherited diseases46.19: Bernard Lung: Genetic diseases of the aorta: aortic diseases related to Marfan syndrome and other genetic abnormalities46.20: Folkert Meijboom and Gertjan Sieswerda: Genetic diseases of the aorta - Aortic diseases associated with bicuspid aortic valves46.21: Rosangela Cocchia, Riccardo Gorla, and Eduardo Bossone: Aortitis - infectious and non-infectious diseases46.22: Francesca Urgnani and Vicente Riambau: Aortic tumor46.23: Udo Sechtem and Oliver Gaemperli: Long-term follow-up in patients with aortic diseases46.24: Raimund Erbel: Aortic centresSection 47. Trauma to the cardiovascular systemSection editor: Christoph Nienaber47.1: Ibrahim Akin and Christoph A. Nienaber: Trauma to the cardiovascular systemSection 48. Non-cardiac surgerySection editor: Steen Kristensen48.1: Hans Erik Botker: Introduction and epidemiology48.2: Jose Gonzalez-Juanatey: Preoperative evaluation: surgical risk for cardiac events and functional capacity risk indices48.3: Emmanuelle Duceppe and P.J. Devereaux: Preoperative evaluation - Biomarkers48.4: Juhani Knuuti and Antti Saraste: Preoperative evaluation - Non Invasive testing48.5: Hans Erik Botker: Preoperative evaluation - Angiography48.6: Emmanuelle Duceppe and P.J. Devereaux: Risk reduction strategies: perioperative management of cardiovascular medication48.7: Steen Kristensen, Michael Maeng, and Kurt Huber: Risk reduction strategies: perioperative management in patients on antithrombotic therapy48.8: Marco Roffi and Fabio Rigamonti: Risk reduction strategies: coronary revascularization before non-cardiac surgery48.9: Rodrigo Modolo and Ana Paula de Faria: Specific diseases: chronic heart failure/hypertension48.10: Bernard Iung and Luc Pierard: Specific diseases: valvular heart disease48.11: Susanna Price and Evi Christodoulou: Specific diseases: arrhythmias48.12: Susanna Price: Specific diseases: renal disease48.13: Marco Roffi: Specific diseases: stroke48.14: Susanna Price: Specific diseases: pulmonary diseases48.15: Luc Pierard: Perioperative monitoring: transoesophageal echocardiography48.16: Susanna Price: Perioperative Monitoring - Right Heart catherization48.17: Susanna Price: Perioperative monitoring: glycaemic control48.18: Stefan De Hert: Perioperative monitoring: anaesthesiology48.19: Juhani Knuuti and Antti Saraste: Conclusions and recommendationsSection 49. Peripheral arterial diseasesSection editor: Victor Aboyans49.1: V Aboyans: Introduction49.2: Marie-Louise Bartelink: Epidemiology and risk factors49.3: Lucia Mazzolai: General aspects49.4: Jean Philippe Collet: Antithrombotic drugs in peripheral arterial diseases49.5: Ross Naylor: Extracranial carotid and vertebral artery disease49.6: Tina Conhert: Upper extremity artery disease49.7: Martin Björck: Mesenteric artery disease49.8: Charalambos Vlachopoulos: Renal artery disease49.9: Marianne Brodmann: Lower extremity artery disease49.10: Marco DeCarlo: Multisite artery disease49.11: Michal Tendera: Cardiac conditions in peripheral arterial diseases49.12: JB Ricco: Gaps in evidenceSection 50. Venous thromboembolismSection editor: Stavros Konstantinides50.1: Stavros Konstantinides: Introduction50.2: Alexander Cohen, Marjolein Brekelmans, and Carlos Martinez: Epidemiology and socioeconomic consequences of venous thromboembolism50.3: Willem Lijfering and Suzanne Cannegieter: Predisposing factors for first and recurrent venous thrombosis50.4: Dieuwertje Ruigrok and Anton Vonk Noordegraaf: Pathophysiology of acute pulmonary embolism50.5: Piotr Pruszczyk: Diagnosis - clinical prediction rules and laboratory tests50.6: Helia Robert-Ebadi, Gregoire Le Gal, and Marc Righini: Diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism and evolving imaging modalities50.7: Cecilia Becattini and Giancarlo Agnelli: Prognostic assessment50.8: Thomas Vanassche and Peter Verhamme: Treatment - haemodynamic and respiratory support50.9: Cecilia Becattini and Giancarlo Agnelli: Treatment - anticoagulation50.10: Guy Meyer: Treatment - thrombolysis50.11: Ronald Winokur and Akhilesh Sista: Treatment: catheter-based intervention and inferior vena cava filters50.12: Thijs van Mens and Saskia Middeldrop: Management of pulmonary embolism in pregnancy50.13: Cihan Ay and Florian Posch: Management of pulmonary embolism in patients with cancer50.14: Marc Rodger, Lisa Duffett, and Faizan Khan: Risk of recurrence and optimal duration of anticoagulation50.15: Irene Lang,Walter Klepetko, and Hiromi Matsubara: Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertensionSection 51. Venous diseaseSection editor: Sebastien Schellong51.1: Eberhard Rabe and Felizitas Pannier: Epidemiology and classification of venous disease51.2: Frederikus Klok, Charlotte Dronkers, and Menno Huisman: Imaging for venous thrombosis51.3: Jochen Grommes: Venous recanalisation51.4: Roshan Bootun, Tristan Lane, and Alun H. Davies: Varicose veins51.5: Robert Eberhardt and Joseph Raffetto: Chronic venous insufficiency and post-thrombotic syndromePART 5. Specific Populations - gender and raceSection 52. Cardiovascular disease in womenSection editor: Noel Bairey Merz52.1: JoAnn E. Manson and Mariana Garcia: Background52.2: Eva Prescott: Sex and gender differences overview52.3: Karin Schenck-Gustafsson: Traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors52.4: Angela H. E. M. Maas: Non-traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors unique to or predominant in women52.5: Janet Wei: Cardiovascular disease prevention guidelines52.6: Martha Gulati: Ischaemic heart disease in women52.7: Vera Regitz-Zagrosek: Heart failure in women52.8: Sharon Mulvagh: Valvular heart disease52.9: Puja K. Mehta: Cardiac rehabilitation52.10: Mariana Garcia: Peripheral arterial disease in women52.11: C. Noel Bairey Merz: Future directionsSection 53. Pregnancy and heart diseaseSection editor: Vera Regitz-Zagrosek53.1a: Janet Wei and C. Noel Bairey Merz: General considerations53.1b: Petronella Pieper: Pregnancy risk assessment53.2: Lisa-Antonia Droege and Wolfgang Henrich: Gynaecological, obstetric, and neonatological aspects53.3a: Jolien Roos-Hesselink and Annemien van den Bosch: Congenital heart disease and pulmonary hypertension53.3b: Bernard Iung: Aortic diseases53.4: Petronella G. Pieper and Bernard Iung: Valvular heart disease53.5: Angela H. E. M. Maas: Ischaemic heart disease in pregnancy53.6: Bozena Ostrowska, Barbara Kommata, Helena Malmborg, and Carina Blomström Lundqvist: Arrhythmias in pregnancy53.7: Vera Regitz-Zagrosek: Cardiomyopathies and heart failure53.8: Renata Cifkova: Hypertensive disorders53.9: Karen Sliwa and Mark R. Johnson: Venous thromboembolism in the peripartum period53.10: Stefan Verlohren: Drugs during pregnancy and breastfeedingSection 54. EthnicitySection editor: Gregory H. Y. Lip54.1: Amitava Banerjee: Global perspectives of hypertension and cardiovascular disease54.2: Nizal Sarrafzadegan and Farzad Masoudkabir: Ethnicity and cardiovascular risk factors54.3: Adam Timmis: Ethnicity and coronary artery disease54.4: Bert-Jan van den Born and Charles Agyemang: Ethnicity and hypertension54.5: Tatjana Potpara: Ethnicity and cardiac arrhythmias54.6: Amitava Banerjee: Ethnicity and heart failure54.7: Larissa Fabritz: Ethnicity and inherited cardiac disease54.8: Bernard M. Y. Cheung and Esther W. Chan: Ethnic differences in responses to cardiovascular drugsPART 6. Other aspectsSection 55. Sports and heart diseaseSection editor: Antonio Pelliccia55.1: Michael Papadakis and Sanjay Sharma: Cardiovascular adaptation to exercise and sport (according to type of sport, gender, and ethnicity)55.2: Clinical assessment of the athleteas heart: normal and abnormal ECGs in athletes55.3: Antonio Pelliccia and Stefano Caselli: Imaging testing for differential diagnosis of the athlete's heart from structural cardiac diseases55.4: Eduard Guasch, Hein Heidbuchel, and Lluís Mont: Sudden cardiac death in athletes: implications for pre-participation evaluation and safety in sport arenas55.5: Massimo Piepoli: Exercise and sport in the management of cardiovascular diseases (ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, and hypertension)Section 56. ElderlySection editor: Franz Messerli and Tomasz Grodzicki56.1: Tomasz Grodzicki, Karolina Piotrowicz, and Jonna Sulicka: Multimorbidity and polypharmacy in the elderly with cardiovascular diseases56.2: Piotr Sobanski: Palliative and end-of-life care in elderly subjects with cardiovascular disease56.3: Timo Strandberg and Tuomo Nieminen: Dementia and cardiovascular diseases56.4: Antonio Cherubini and Massimiliano Fedecostante: Frailty, sarcopenia, and falls in cardiovascular disease56.5: Nicola Veronese, Ludovico Carrino, and Stefania Maggi: Socioeconomic issues and cardiovascular disease (with emphasis on the caregivers)56.6: Andreas Schoenenberger: Comprehensive geriatric assessment in cardiovascular disease56.7: Edgar Argulian: Degenerative cardiovascular disease in elderly56.8: Stefano Rimoldi: Lessons from European Society of Cardiology Guidelines56.9: Jerzy Gasowski, Chirag Bavishi, and Franz Messerli: Arterial stiffness: from isolated systolic hypertension to syncope56.10: Joanna Kostka, Malgorzata Koziarska-Rosciszewska, and Tomasz Kostka: Arterial stiffness: from isolated systolic hypertension to syncope56.11: Adrian Messerli and Khaled Ziada: Interventions in the elderly: special considerationsSection 57. Precision medicineSection editor: Paulus Kirchhof57.1: Paulus Kirchhof: Personalized medicine: an introduction57.2: T. Kessler and Heribert Schunkert: Personalized management of coronary artery disease57.3: Karin Sipido and Tom Guzik: Disease mechanisms guiding therapy57.4: Larissa Fabritz, Eduard Guasch, Moritz Sinner, and Paulus Kirchhof: Personalised management of atrial fibrillation57.5: Stephan Baldus and Henrik ten Freyhaus: Individualized valve therapy57.6: Marina Cerrone, Morten Schak Nielsen, and Mario Delmar: Genetically-modified animals as tools to personalize the study of arrhythmia mechanisms and treatment57.7: Simon de Denus, Marie-Pierre Dubé, and Jean-Claude Tardif: Opportunities for personalized approaches in heart failure57.8: Andrea Mazzanti and Silvia Priori: Personalized Therapies for Cardiac ChannelopathiesSection 58. Decision-making and Heart TeamSection editor: Patrick Serruys58.1: Vasim Farooq and Patrick W. Serruys: The Heart Team: introduction58.2: Vasim Farooq: Heart Teams in coronary artery disease58.3: Mohammad Abdelghani, Fahd Makhdom, and Nicolo Piazza: Decision-making and Heart Teams in valvular heart disease: the transcatheter aortic valve implantation team model58.4: Manuel Castella, Hans-Christoph Diener, Gerhard Hindricks, and Paulus Kirchhof: Heart Teams in atrial fibrillation58.5: Mohammad Abdelghani, Martina Nassif, Nico A. Blom, David R. Koolbergen, Barbara J. M. Mulder, and Robbert J. de Winter: Heart Teams in grown-up congenital heart disease58.6: Andras P. Durko, Stuart J. Head, and David P. Taggart: The Heart Team: conclusions and future perspectivesSection 59. Psychological factors and heart diseaseSectione editor: Susanne Pedersen59.1: Susanne Pedersen: Introduction59.2: Susanne Pedersen: Psychological factors and incident heart disease59.3: Frank Doyle: Psychological impact of heart disease59.4: Nina Kupper and Johan Denollet: Impact of psychological factors on outcomes59.5: Roland von Kaenel and Christian Albus: Mechanisms: psychological factors and outcomes59.6: Johan Denollet: The wider psychosocial context59.7: Matt Burg: Interventions: what works for whom?59.8: Kim Smolderen: Clinical implications and future perspectives59.9: Susanne Pedersen: Conclusions59.10: Susanne Pedersen: Likely developments over the next 5-10 years59.11: Susanne Pedersen: Personal perspectiveSection 60. Interpretation of clinical trialsSection editor: John Cleland60.1: John Cleland: Trial Design from a Clinical Perspective60.2: Tim Friede: Clinical Trial Design: Statistical Issues60.3: Muthiah Vaduganathan and Scott Solomon: Reporting Cardiovascular Clinical Trials60.4: Jan Tijssen: Principles and methods of intervention research60.5: Pardeep Jhund and John McMurray: Interpretation60.6: Colin Baigent and Natalie Staplin: Meta-analysisSection 61. EnvironmentSection editor: Thomas Münzel61.1: Thomas Münzel, Sanjay Rajagopalan, Mette Sørensen, Dave Newby, and Robert D. Brook: Summary61.2: Thomas Münzel, Sanjay Rajagopalan, Mette Sørensen, Dave Newby, and Robert D. Brook: Introduction61.3: Thomas Münzel and Mette Sørensen: Pathophysiology of noise-induced cardiovascular diseases61.4: Robert D. Brook, David Newby, and Sanjay Rajagopalan: Pathophysiology of air pollution-mediated cardiovascular events61.5: Mette Sørensen and Thomas Münzel: Epidemiology of traffic noise and cardiometabolic disease61.6: Robert D. Brook, David Newby, and Sanjay Rajagopalan: Epidemiology of air pollution and cardiometabolic diseases61.7: Thomas Münzel, Sanjay Rajagopalan, Mette Sørensen, Dave Newby, and Robert D. Brook: Strategies to mitigate cardiovascular effects of noise and air pollution61.8: Thomas Münzel, Sanjay Rajagopalan, Mette Sørensen, Dave Newby, and Robert D. Brook: Future perspectives61.9: Thomas Münzel, Sanjay Rajagopalan, Mette Sørensen, Dave Newby, and Robert D. Brook: Conclusions61.10: Thomas Münzel, Sanjay Rajagopalan, Mette Sørensen, Dave Newby, and Robert D. Brook: Development and challenges over the next decadeSection 62. Occupational and regulatory aspectsSection editor: Demosthenes Katritsis62.1: Demosthenes G. Katritsis, Mark Anderson, and Michael M. Webb-Peploe: Occupational risk factors for heart disease62.2: Demosthenes G. Katritsis, Mark Anderson, and Michael M. Webb-Peploe: Regulations concerning individual risk and public safetySection 63. Economics and cost-effectivenessSection editor: Lorenzo Mantovani63.1: Lorenzo Mantovani: Introduction to health economics and cost-effectiveness of cardiovascular prevention63.2: Dyfrig Hughes: Health and economic impact of non-adherence to preventative cardiovascular medicines63.3: Giuseppe Boriani, Lucia D'Angiolella, and Fabiana Madotto: Economics of new therapies in electrophysiology63.4: Zaher Fanari, Sandra Weiss, and William S. Weintraub: Medical economics and interventional cardiology63.5: Lorenzo Mantovani and Lucia S. D'Angiolella: Economics of new therapies for heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and hypercholesterolaemiaPART 7. AppendicesA.1: Ian Graham, Marie Therese Cooney, Dirk De Bacquer, and Maryam Kavousi: Cardiovascular disease risk estimationA.2: Polly Mitchell, Andrew Wragg, and Adam Timmis: Patient reported outcome measures